Locations for Whale Watching

Locations for Whale Watching Suitable locations for a whale watching lookout Contents (Jump to) Executive summary Introduction Methods: Results Discussions: Recommendation References Executive summary The report gives an in-depth and vivid description of the very interesting and knowledgeable geographical report regarding the suitable location of a whale watching look out. The report clearly mentions the beauty of the whale in the Australia and the beaches where the enjoyment of the nature with the geographical location is made and searches out. When there is a topic and discussion regarding the whale watching then the first thing that comes to the local Australian citizens and the tourist is of the whale watching and this report clearly mentions the watch of the whale with at least having the 45 species of the whale that are found in the assize were and there is the rise in the number of whales every year. There are beaches and headlands around the coast where there is offered the potential to look the whale with the beauty of the nature at 3.8 km SW of burden has been vividly covered in this report by the NSW office of environment and heritage. The paper in the next report has m ake the practical approach on the grounds of what are the sites that are suitable ,unsuitable, most suitable like factors for the whale watching in the regions that are explained in this paper earlier. The report suggests that often at beaches and bays the whales are seen as the migrating one shifting from one point to another. Study says that the whales are the important one for the people of the central coast. In the next section the report is made regarding the sites that the people enjoys of the whale walking and doing the natural acts that makes the sense of pleasure to the people. The report suggests that there are top most sites where the largest part of the ocean is made visible by the nature. The report studies regarding the vegetations in the royal national park with the facts of the height of the forest and the shrubs and trees they have. Finally the conclusion is seen at the last part of the report with the recommendations for the royal national park. Introduction This report maps those locations in the park where the view of the ocean is possible. The ocean view in the national park put the icing on the cake to the beauty of the sea shores when the whales makes a long jump and this become the phenomenon of the beauty of the nature. Following are the locations in the park that has been covered by the report regarding the geographical research on the ocean view. This report makes it clear the time, length and the direction in the national park is given so as to avoid any inconvenience. The walk of the burden road to the Marley is the direct route where the ocean could have the visibility and the beaches with the scheduled areas are at the greater extent that with the big Marley they host the sand dune and lagoon. The beaches are not made in the patrolled conditions and they may cause the threat and to avoid it steps of preventions are necessary to be taken. There is a water fall that puts the nature and the geography combined with the length of 9.7 km, climbing 245 km, time is approximate 3 hrs 30 mines and it is l9cated to the 3.8 km SW of burden. When the ocean is to be viewed with the nature then on the loop there are present some of the grand ocean views that can be seen with the rock selves that are secluded and some of the aboriginal engravings are also present there. There are also present the walk streets that make the community of burden link to the road of the gibbon beach with the time of 5 hrs and direction included is .1 km NE of burden with the length 6.8 km. from the gibbon head o the Shelley beach there is the management trail through the heath that describes the ocean covering of the national park. There are the side steps that decide the lookout. While making the exploration of the coastline of the national park the place is so with the beauty that one can have a walk to wet the toes at the said little barley beach, burden being the great place to have the walk has the bite to eat. The ferry can also be cached from Cornella to burden that is the excellent way of the walking. The walk will give the great view of the ocean here the enjoyment of the nature with the flora and fauna is seen is enjoyed. When there is a walk from the smallest town of the burden to the largest of the royal national park, the ocean view is very great as the experience that comes from the walk heads towards the heath and the rock shelf. The walk then is made descend to the walk beaches and a lot of opportunities to enjoy the nature are seen as regards the enjoyment of the swim and lagoons are seen here. Methods: A vector approach has been used. These are the best locations from where the oceans can be viewed by the vistors.Royal national park that is 29 km south of the Sydney has become the source of attraction to the visitors where the visitors are grabbing all the opportunities not to miss the global park. When these sites are continuously visited by the people then the location of these areas are known at the cost of the geographical surroundings that covers the wide range of he part of the royal national park. In the said circumstance the report is putting emphasis on those area where the ocean view as residing in the national park is made possible and the above mentioned sites are all the way possibly the best destinations to cover the range of the ocean to make the RNP more pretty and beautiful in all the aspects of the geographical locations and conditions. The percentage t what point these area shows the ocean view is about 23.67% and few of them have been listed above with their length and time with the direction. The location of the ocean view has been made earlier. Results If one is deciding to have the tour to see the many of the whales singing and it is to be observed with the whale watching vessels then these are equipped with the hydrophones where the passengers can look out it. This sensitivity of the devices is such that state of the art under water is applied and hence the migration of the whales has most importance. The whale watching is the past time for the both that includes the locals and the travelers and this year around between 16,000 and 18,000 whales passes the NSW coastline and according to the NSW national parks and wildlife the figures that has been revealed show as the 10% increase in the numbers of the whale passing year on year. Following are the suitable places for installing the whale watching platforms Weemalah Cottage: this is the best site where the whale watching platform could be established. The place is the best for the swimming to the fishing on the river where the scenic beauty of the nature can be seen with the intense growth of the whales at the large number. There is also explored the lush waterfalls that are on the minified falls and one can spend the lazy afternoon with the riverside views from the warumbul area and one can go to see the goannas and wallabies that is eastern to the water dragons hat is sunning on the riverbanks and it makes the situation ideal to have the platform for the whales. After making the spend of the day one can have return to the weemalah and cam have the whales singing and dancing with the sun set. There is another platform for the whales and it is the royal coast walks that are present along the coastline of the national parks and it is one of the best places where the whales are always present on the migration. It is and can be said that is the best tourist destination for all where the whale experience is only a minute distance and one can at the greater extent enjoy the migration of the whales at the larger extent. When one makes a walk of the 15 km from the coastline then there is an expected challenge that involves the awesome experiences that is filled with the thrills and the excitement that is regarding to the whale platform. The beauty of the nature is observed when the different geographical locations as mentioned above are visited and the whales are the rarest species also countable as the endangered species are the best to find at this platform there are also the secluded Marley beaches where the long distance can be made at the ease cost. With the frame of the 180 Â ° up and down the spots will like to have the guests and the southern right whale is seen as the frolicking that is below the sandstone cliffs that are present offshore of the sea. Northern era campground is another best suitable platform where the whale platform can be made established. Here one is free to bring the luggage and foods and can have the review of the whales at the greater extent. The position of the staid place is at the coastal track that is to the south of the gray beach and it makes a great spot for the surfers. The top three are; bundeena, Marley and gibbon. Discussions: Somewhat suitable places: These includes the places like Lola falls campground it is said that nine ever thought that one is near to the city and far from the civilization is best explained by the said area. It is the great nature place when one is looking for the great adventures. Although the place is restricted by the authorities to some extent but the places are at the best to be used by the travelers and the locals. If one is having the desire to look out the whales then one can definitely watch it with the carefulness and this can be said that just take opt the train to have the place visit for whale beauty and its scene. When it is passing through the heath lands there are wildflowers where one can take the bath. One has the opportunity to make the camp set aside and get the enjoyment for the trip at this context. The map represents how this area is somewhat suitable for the whale watch. The whales are not in so much quantity in the particular area and it can be said that the whales at most times occur s in the few regions that gas been listed above by the report. The camping and swimming like activities are common at such places. Some other places that are somewhat suitable are bonnie vale campground and also include the north era campgrounds on some of the factors. Highly suitable place Wattamolla is the picnic spot and it is highly suitable place for the family and the individual’s to come here and they can have the plenty of the enjoyment in the given task. Unsuitable place Wedding cake rock is the unsuitable place for the whale platform as this place is at such a high rock that there is always the danger to the life. The department working for the welfare of the whales has consistently reported that while making the decision to have the whale platform visited the most important thing that is to be considered is of the place and it is necessary to make the platform and the places chosen by the said travelers or the locals. With the 10% increase in the field of the tourism the tourist are always in the search of the making some new spot and by mistakenly they forget to receive the facts and knowledge of the whale platform that ultimately leads to the dangers and the threat to the life. There are various places where the whale platform is built by the government of Australia for the purpose of the tourist destination and the best one is the place of the bundeen road that gives the walk of the enjoyment of the beauty of the whales. There are highly suitable sites that exist as the whale platforms. These are some of the picnic spots and somewhere is situated the waterfalls where the beauty of the whales with the natural enjoyment is taken at the large place. Some of the following best and highly sites are mentions in the points that are as follows: Wattamolla; wattamolla is one of the best picnic spot that is for the purpose of the family. This spot has become the adventurous spot when it comes as the platform for the whales .as said earlier this spot too can be included in the list of the highly preferred platform for the whale watching because the location and its geographical conditions with the longitude and latitude in the right direction mentions that it can be used for the reason of the said purpose. There is the gentle greenery and also present is the torrent after downpour. When it of accessed by the coastal all then it has the clean and sheltered beach where the possibility to have the watching of the whale is higher and with the picnic other enjoyments that are related may be take. Behind the beach is present the lagoon where the creek tumbles over the cliff face. Curracurrong: the most spectacular place in the view of the waterfall and that of the whale watching platform is this place where the geographical locations completely fits the situation and all the conditions are favorable to the look of the whales. On the windy time, there are strong winds that blow with the foot of the cliffs where the water is back again. The only access that is made is the walking tracks and the location is around the 40 minutes. Winifried and anice.These are the best place when it comes the talk to establish the whale platform for looking of the whales. It is described as the 7 meter high windred falls that are made with the step trail and it is cut down to the pool that is below the best view. After the main walking is the maianbar road and there is situating the anice one where the platforms to have the whale look out is possible at the greater extent. The picnic spots can be well described as the whale watching platform. They are best viewed as the rock ledge from the point of view of the platform. It is beyond the falls that is on the eastern side. In this way the top three positions remains the same and the same spots have retained their position. The areas are all visible to the site Marley arecronulla, Engadine, Sutherland, Sylvania, sans souci, little bay and matravile. There are various reasons as to why this site is nearer to the ocean. It is understood that the ocean can supply the enormous amount of water vapor with which the some of the places may have the visibility based on the grounds of the fact of the next to the ocean. In the Australia in order to have the oceans next to the places it is important to have the cold ocean water and the mid latitude cyclones and the tropical systems and the mountain ranges that blocks the moisture that is involves the movement from other regions makes the site nearer to the ocean. The geographical extent of the area with the geographical direction makes it as the run head of the climate and the moisture and humidity gets transfer from the lace of one point to another. When the temperature of the water is in the cold state then the less moisture is absorbed that will make the evapora tion from the surface of the ocean resulting in the ocean water that is all warm. When the process of evaporation is carried out then the coldly salt water is not carried away. When the ocean is full of the water then the factors like rainy, snowy and the conditions that prevails like the wet and dryness are the factors that impact the areas and make the site prone and near to the oceans. There are various other reasons followed with the geographical extent that makes the area nearer to the ocean and its water. The processes involved as to the lifting up of the air to the precipitation are the factor that makes the site near to the ocean and these systems makes thee location under the right circumstances. When the surface area of the sea is considered then the approximate surface area is around 360, 000, 000 km2 so this demland sea is considered instead of the dem because the unscientific approach of making the average depth for the depressions is make calculated around the 73m wher e the accurate average depth is totally less than that of the non uniform nature when it is taken to the respective areas. In this ay the demland approach at the best can be used. Recommendation The report clearly mentions all the data and statistics with the geographical location and the office of the environment and heritage can better use this information to fit at the places where the whale platform can be establishes with the uniformity in the nature. It is also advised and suggested in the report that the said OEH is required to use the data as per the instruction that is provided in the forms of the information. The OEH is required and recommended to be very careful while making the selection of the sites that suits the whale at the larger extent. The finding is based on the question of as what is the best place or the spot for whale’s platform has been discussed in the above section. References Au, W. 2009.Echolocation. In: Perrin W. F., B. Wursig and J. G. M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd ED, San Diego, CA: Academic Press: pp. 348–357. Au, W.W.L., Ford, J.K.B., Horne, J.K. and K.A. Newman Allman. 2004.Echolocation signals of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) and modeling of foraging for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 115(2): 901–909. Ayres, K.L., Booth, R.K., Hempelmann, J.A., Koski, K.L., Emmons, C.K., Baird, R.W., Balcomb-Bartok, K., Hanson, M.B., Ford, M.J. and S. K. Wasser. 2012.Distinguishing the Impacts of Inadequate Prey and Vessel Traffic on an Endangered Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Population. PLOS One. 7(6): 1–12. Baird, R. W. 2000.The Killer Whale: Foraging Specializations and Group Hunting. In: J. Mann, R. C. Connor, P. L. Tyack and H. Whitehead, editors. Cetacean societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 127-153. Baird, R. W., M. B. Hanson, E. A. Ashe, M. R. Heithaus and G. J. Marshall. 2003.Studies of foraging in southern resident; killer whales during July 2002: dive depths, bursts in speed, and the use of a Crittercam; system for examining subsurface behavior. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, Washington. Baird, R. W., McSweeney, D., Bane, C., Barlow, J., Salden, D.R., Antoine, L.R.K., LeDuc, R.G. and D.L. Webster. 2006.Killer whales in Hawaiian waters: Information on population identity and feeding habits.Pacific Science. 60(4): 523–530. Berta, A., Sumich, J.L. and K.M. Kovacs. 2006. Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology,2ndEd. Academic Press, Burlington, MA. Pp. 105. Bowers, C.A. and R.S. Henderson. 1972.PROJECT DEEP OPS: Deep Object Recovery with Pilot and Killer Whales. NUC TP 306. Undersea Surveillance and Ocean Sciences Department, Naval Undersea Center, San Diego, CA. Unclassified. de Bruyn P.J., Tosh C.A., Terauds A. 2013. Killer whale ecotypes: is there a global model? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. Feb;88(1):62-80. Dahlheim, M., Schulman, A. Jenifer, N. Black, R. Tremolo, D. Elli frit, and K. BAL comb. 2008.Eastern temperate North Pacific offshore killer whales (Oscines orca): Occurrence, movements, and insights into feeding ecology. U.S. Department of Commerce: Publications, Agencies, and Staff of the U.S.

Communication in Individual and Collectivist Societies Essay

How do people in â€Å"individualist† cultures behave differently to people in â€Å"collectivist† cultures? People in collectivist cultures: Each person is encouraged to be an active player or role in society, to function as a whole. The rights, as a whole, trump those of the individual. Rules promote unity, and selflessness. Working with others is considered the norm. Community strength is their main focus. People in individualistic cultures: They promote the â€Å"I† for identity. Strive for goals, initiative, esteem and achievement. Independence is valued, less motive to help others. Not relying on others is viewed as a norm. Doing things on your own, depending only on one’s self. As you were growing up, in what ways were you reared to be individualistic or collectivistic? Which orientation was the predominant cultural value of your family?  For what I can remember, as a child, I was raised to be more collectivistic but with a little bit of individualistic as well. Growing up with a large, caring and close family, it only came natural to me to fit into the collectivistic category. When you are young you are still learning therefor depend on others to gain knowledge and understanding to learn. One can only view themselves as collectivistic when it comes to being technical when viewing how you were raised. Also, I was involved in many friendship groups and multiple sports growing up. I had to learn from others how to play the sport, but once I grew in my skill of that sport, I then depended on myself to get better. So, both collectivistic and individualistic were used in upbringing. But as far as a predominant role, I would have to lean to collectivistic. Explain the connections between these two cultures with the dialectic approach. Which of the six dialectics is the most predominant in assisting  people in communicating more effectively in intercultural interactions? Provide examples to support your response. In this article, the two approaches that stood out to me were the cultural-individual and personal-contextual approaches. Seeing how there were several people in an argument from different cultures doesn’t surprise me there was conflict amongst them. Plus the context-personal played into each person differently and how they responded. And because of that, each person’s cultural background came into play.

Research Proposal: Youth Unemployment And Attitude Towards Employment: Comparative Study Between Migrants And Non-Migrants

Abstract Nigeria’s adolescent & young adult population (aged 15-24) is currently facing a crippling problem that will endanger the future of the nation. The median age data from the world.bymap.org website is used to define the term â€Å"youth migrant and non-migrant population, or youth population†. The median age of the migrant and non-migrant population throughout the developing world does remain in a late adolescent phase with ages ranging from the 15th birthday until the 24th birthday (world.bymap.org, 2013, median age). This study expects to find that youth population attitudes toward unemployment will be similar in the migrant and non-migrant populations. I seek to examine this assertion by carrying out a qualitative investigation on the relatedness of unemployment among the youth and their attitudes based on a population analysis of the youth among the indigenous non-migrant locals and migrant immigrants in Nigeria. The migrant and non-migrant youth population is primarily located in Latin America and on the African continent to which Nigeria has a median population age of 19.1 (2010 Est.) (world.bymap.org, 2013, median age). Global unemployment rates among the youth population are on the rise (indexmundi, 2013, 1). The same case is observable in Nigeria where the number of unemployed youths accounts for more than half of the total number of unemployed people in the country (Youth Speak Community, 2013, 1. It has been suggested that attitudes of the youth may be the main reason behind the high levels of unemployment among the youth. Introduction The global rate of unemployment indicates high levels of unemployment among the youth. The median age data from the world.bymap.org website is used to define the term â€Å"youth migrant and non-migrant population, or youth population†. The median age of the migrant and non-migrant population throughout the developing world does remain in a late adolescent phase with ages ranging from the 15th birthday until the 24th birthday (world.bymap.org, 2013, median age). In fact, the rate of growth of unemployment among the youth population is higher that the case of adults (Alanana, 2003). The reported incidence of youth unemployment is even higher in developed economies as compared to emerging and developing economies. However, in the recent years the cases have been so sporadic in developing countries especially in Africa (Alanana, 2013). This is because according to Alanana (2013), the numbers of the youth population is increasing at an alarming rate as compared to the rates at which job opportunities are being created. The case of unemployment among the youth in Africa is alarming and is currently a threat to social-economic stability and peace. Nigeria is also a major immigrant destination in West Africa with over one million immigrant population. The youths accounts for a majority of the immigrant population. This represents about 0.7 percent of the population. The case of unemployment among the youth cuts across both the locals as well as the immigrants (Alanana, 2003). This paper purposes to analyse the case of unemployment among the migrant and non-migrant youth population in the country and how the attitudes affects the rates by analysing unemployment among the local youths and the immigrant youths in Nigeria.Problem statementGenerally, the rate of migrant and non-migrant youth unemployment in Nigeria is very high. However, the rates of unemployment among the youth are incomparable to the older male working population in the country. Several reasons may be behind the abnormal differences in the unemployment rates between the youth and the adult population. Several studies have associated the differences in the unempl oyment rates between the migrant and non-migrant youth populations and other adults to the attitudes posed by the youths regarding job specifications. Other studies referenced in Alanana (2013), Youth unemployment in Nigeria: some implications for the third millennium have indicated that the local youth are very selective towards jobs as compared to immigrant youth. This dissertation will examine the extent of truth in this statement by generally observing the link between unemployment among the youths and their attitudes and also examine the attitudes of immigrant and local youths towards employment opportunities in the country.Research objectivesThis research study will be guided by the following objectives: To analyse the link between unemployment among the youth and their attitudes To analyse the difference in unemployment rates between local youths and immigrant youths To examine how attitudes affects the differences in unemployment rates of the local youths and immigrant youths.Organization of the studyThis study will be divided into five chapters. The introduction will provide the background and need to study how attitudes influence unemployment in the country. This will also include a description of the research hypothesis, objectives, questions, limitations, assumptions, significance, and the approach adopted in the investigation. The second chapter will provide a detailed analysis of literature review of previous investigations relevant to the research problem. The third chapter will provide the research methodology that will be used in addressing the hypothesis and the research questions. Chapter four will represent all the data that will be collected and analysed in this planne d study. Finally, the fifth chapter will delineate on the conclusions that will be drawn in the study as well as the recommendations. Literature review For the development of an effective gap analysis, this study will analyse several previous imperial investigations and authentic statistics on unemployment among the youth in the world and specifically in Nigeria. The literature review will focus on the unemployment among locals and immigrants on a general perspective globally as well as local perspective in Nigeria. The literature reviewed in this study will be sourced from credible sources such as national and international newspaper sources that cover Nigeria, government publications and other academic journals to ensure that the process of gap analysis is founded on a comprehensive, valid, sound and reliable set of data. The study will focus on most recent studies and publications dating back to a maximum of 7 years ago to ensure the data used in the study represents the most recent situation as far as unemployment among the youth is concerned. According to Youth Speak Community (2013), Nigeria, which is Africa’s most populated country, has one of the highest unemployment rates in the world. By 2011, the unemployment rate was at about 24 % of which the rate of unemployment among the youths was estimated to be about 50% (Youth Speak Community, 2013). However, the case is similar in many other African countries such as South Africa, Kenya, and Ghana, which have unemployment rates of 25%, 40 %, and 11 % respectively (Youth Speak Community, 2013). The most critical issue affecting Nigeria and Nigerians today is the issue of unemployment and subsequently the problem in the future of unemployment is with current levels of youth unemployment in Nigeria (Bakare, 2013)Bakare states that World Bank statistical data list Nigeria’s youth unemployment rate at 38% (Bakare, 2013) but Bakare believes the real rate of Nigerian youth unemployment is closer to 80% (Bakare, 2013). The rate of youth population education continues to increase with Nigerian universities producing 150,000 graduates per year (Bakare, 2013), however; the rate of job production has not kept to pace with the production of university graduates per year (Bakare, 2013). The focus of Nigeria’s future as a result of the youth unemployment problem is also part of the research agenda of the Nigerian Universities. The Department of Business Administration and Marketing, at the Delta State University are in the process of determining how the current youth unemployment crisis will impact Nigeria’s economic and social future. According to Salami (2013), The problems Nigeria faces tomorrow will depend on how the youth population of Nigeria matures as adolescents into adulthood. â€Å"Records from the National Population Commission (2001) indicate that youths under the age of 30 constitute over half of the approximately 150 million Nigerians. According to Doreo Partners (2013) unemployment rate in Nigeria is growing at the rate of 16% per year with the youth impacted the most and accounting for three times the general unemployment.† (Salami, 2013) Damilola (2013) describes the rise in unemployment in Nigeria as â€Å"one of the major social problems affecting the growth and development of this country.† (Damilola, 2013) The situation is described as so dire the population of Nigerians cannot meet basic needs due to the lack of jobs. Damilola also describes a problem of cronyism in Nigeria that awards jobs to college graduates with political connections rather than based on individual merit. The suggestion by Damilola is for the youth to be â€Å"creative and learn different vocational skills.† (Damilola, 2013) A startling report by the Department of Sociology at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria has indicated that youth unemployment has led to a rise in violent crimes (Ajaegbu, 2012) The overall level of despair of the youth population is blamed for the level of youth unemployment. â€Å"By using the deprivation theory proposed by Ted Gurr, this study has explored the proximate and ultimate causes involving the youths in violent crimes. If factors that create the feeling of deprivation and frustration created by unemployment are addressed, Nigeria’s youths will not engage in violent crimes.† (Ajaegbu, 2012) According to the Christian Science monitor, the youth unemployment problem leaves the Nigerian youth population so despondent that militant groups are better able to prey on these populations and recruit them into criminal organizations. â€Å"The vulnerability of unemployed youth in Nigeria’s northeast leaves them open to Boko Harem’s narratives, which have only been augmented by weak governance and the poor delivery of basic services. Boko Haram members, who live in the city’s poor communities, command the loyalty of those who have languished into poverty.† (Parker, 2013) This issue of militant groups in Nigeria leaves the migrant and non-migrant youth population prone to exposure of issues relating to criminality and recruitment into militant groups. Methodology The survey response questionnaire will be of a qualitative research design to measure the subjective response from the migrant and non-migrant youth population in Nigeria. The focus of the survey questionnaire will be to assess the sentiment, or feelings, of the youth population with regard to their current and future employment prospect. Qualitative research involves the use of a subjective inquiry into the survey questionnaire, which is necessary to establish a base for analysis to include meaningful words, observations, stories, individualities, and chromatic renders with minimal consideration of the number of participants (Higgs & Cherry, 2009). This approach will enable the investigation and examination of the youth unemployment issue with a small sample population, and hence allowing the investigation to proceed with a limited budget. Furthermore, since the investigation requires a deeper analysis and explanation on the links between attitudes and unemployment among the y ouths, the use of qualitative methodology will allow the study to analyse the objectives effectively. The data will be collected from each participant of the sample population using interview questions derived based on the objectives identified in the introduction. The data will be coded by linking a number (1, 2, etc.) to each survey response question. The investigation will collect data via semi-structured interviews. After data collection is the analysis process. The analysis will be based on the observer’s impression as the main analysis technique. The use of observer’s impression has been proven to be simple and effective in producing in-depth analysis (Higgs & Cherry, 2009).Ethical statementGenerally, this study will observe all the ethical requirements in all the processes of data collection and analysis as is expected under an Internal Review Board (IRB). Some of the factors that will be considered include protection of participants’ privacy and confidentiality. Conclusion From the above introduction, it is evident that unemployment among the youth in Nigeria is a major social and economic issue in the country. Developing a deeper understanding on the reasons behind the high levels of migrant & non-migrant youth unemployment is necessary to ensure effective steps are taken to deal with the issue. This study will provide an examination and render a conclusion to the notion of the assertion that attitudes of the youth contribute to the high levels of unemployment. This will expand the current knowledge on the issue of youth unemployment and hence allow policy makers to have a better understanding of the issue for effective policy development References Alanana, O. O., Youth unemployment in Nigeria: some implications for the third Millennium, Global Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (1), 21-26. 2013 Bakare, Bilikis. â€Å"Addressing youth unemployment in Nigeria.† BusinessDay |. 2013 http://businessdayonline.com/2013/11/addressing-youth-unemployment-in-nigeria/ (accessed November 21, 2013). Higgs, J. & Cherry, N., Doing qualitative research on practice’, in Higgs, J., Horsfall, D. & Grace, S. 2009 (eds.), writing Qualitative Research on Practice, Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers F., J. â€Å"Why is youth unemployment so high?.† The Economist. 2013. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/05/economist-explains-why-youth-unemployment-so-high (accessed November 21, 2013). Salami, Youth unemployment in Nigeria: A time for creative intervention. International Journal of Business and Marketing Management, Vol. 1(2); pp. 18-26, July 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.resjournals.org/IJBMM/PDF/2013/July/Salami.pdf Damilola, Saanu. â€Å"Nigerian Tribune.† How to tackle youth unemployment in Nigeria. 2013 http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/18043-how-to-tackle-youth-unemployment-in-nigeria.html (accessed November 21, 2013). Parker, Gillian. â€Å"In Boko Haram country, Nigeria’s new crackdown brings mixed feelings.† 2013. The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0528/In-Boko-Haram-country-Nigeria-s-new-crackdown-brings-mixed-feelings (accessed November 21, 2013). Youth Speak Community, Youth Unemployment In Nigeria: Shocking Statistics, Facts And Why The Future May Not Be So Bright Afterall. 2013 Retrieved from http://risenetworks.org/2013/05/16/youth-unemployment-in-nigeria-is-there-hope-for-nigerian-youth/ â€Å"Median Age – world statistics and charts as map, diagram and table.† Median Age of the World. 2013 http://world.bymap.org/MedianAge.html (accessed November 21, 2013).

Causes Of The American Revolution - 738 Words

Picture it, America 1765. All of the happy joyful citizens, all of the murder and bloodshed. What a utopia. Actually, 1765 was the start of the war known as the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was a war between the colonists of America and Great Britain and they were fighting over the independence of America from Britain. This war lasted until 1781, when the British surrendered to the Americans, As a result, America is a fully independent country and it has stayed that way since that day. There were many causes of the war, The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Lexington and Concord. The first cause of the American Revolution was the Stamp Act that was passed for Britain to gain money from the†¦show more content†¦This outraged the colonists, especially the ones from Massachusetts. As a result of this act, the colonists assembled the First Continental Congress. The First Continental Congress had fifty six delegates from the colonies meet in Philadelphia to discuss American rights. They agreed that the colonies had the rights to run their own affairs and if the British used military force, they would fight back. This congress was very important because it signifies the colonists working together in unison against the British. A huge factor in the start of the Revolutionary War was the battle of Lexington and Concord. Known as â€Å"The Shot Heard ‘Round The World,† the fight at Lexington and Concord started as a result of the British plan to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock and destroy the colonists weapon supply. On the night of April 18, Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott and William Dawes warned the colonists that, â€Å"The British are coming!† The very next day, the American minutemen and the British soldiers fought at Lexington, Massachusetts and the British won. Next, they moved to Concord, Massachusetts and the colonists won through guerilla warfare. This was an important event in the cause of the American Revolution because it showed the British that the Americans were ready for war, and more importantly, the Americans, that they had a shot at winning. Subsequently, the Americans formed the Second Continental Congress to discuss whether theyShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. It was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, there’s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The r evolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pages While the american revolution was caused from taxes, it was also formed from the effects of a corrupt system of government. The effects of britains rule was a much bigger flame for the revolution then the taxes placed upon citizens. The american revolution was an event that will forever shape us as a country. It was a tough war filled with blood and brutal acts of violence, but it was also an awakening for the colonies that will later become the United States, it showed that while under a governmentRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The American Revolution is the most important time in all of American history. This brought the birth of a new country and the treasured constitution. In the beginning, colonists were proud to be British. In the years to come, there were small occurrences that bothered the colonists and led to the Revolution. Other countries contributed to the start of a crueller British control. The French and Indian War caused King George III to introduce expensive taxes (Pavao). These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCaus es Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe American revolution, the war that helped make America what it is today. However, America did not become the land of the free and home of the brave overnight. Like many wars before, one single event did not cause the American Revolution. After years of disagreement on how Britain should rule the American colonies, the colonists declared their independence and sparked a revolution. By the late 1600s, England pushed to strengthen their control over the existing American colonies by enforcing mercantilism

Indigenous Australia And The Policies Imposed Upon Them

In what ways have Indigenous Australian peoples resisted the non-Indigenous occupation of Australia and the policies imposed upon them? The ways in which Indigenous Australian peoples resisted the non-Indigenous of Australia were seen evident through the policies and practices imposed upon them. Such policies and practices were potentially seen as a common justification for Aboriginal peoples as it was viewed as â€Å"for their own good†. These policies include protection and segregation, assimilation, self-determination and reconciliation that occurred as a result as such resistance. Potentially, Indigenous people demonstrated acts of resistance and rebelling against the colonial system ways in which includes the impact and reaction to post-colonisation practices and legislation relating to Indigenous people during the historical period of 1770 to 1970, however identifying significant historical events that impacted later on towards specific language groups. During the period of 1788 to 1890 the British treated Australia as a colony of settlement. Aboriginal land was taken over and ran by British colonist believing that the land was owned by no one, â€Å"terra nullius.† From the 1970s non-Indigenous and Indigenous historians began to question this story; they were influenced by Indigenous politics and activism and began to talk to Indigenous people about their version of history, to see Australian history as having different sides. From an Indigenous perspective, Australia sShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Australian Colonization On Australian Society1709 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy, I will examine the identity of Aboriginal Australian’s, comparing this construction from the time period of colonisation in Australia to the current time period in Australia. Perhaps the most salient features of this construction are the impact of Australian colonisation, along with the effects of the Stolen Generation. The construction of Aboriginality in Australia has been achieved through a variety of processes, in various places and at various levels of society, giving rise to a complex interactionRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders1514 Words   |  7 PagesAn indigenous person is a term used to describe the original inhabitants of a land, the people who were there before any settlers of a different land came and took over. Indigenous people will have generally retained their cultural practices and traditions that will differ greatly from that of the settlers. The term ‘Indigenous person’ is used to describe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. (Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are the original landRead MoreHistory Of Australi A Protected Sacred Site Of Australia1485 Words   |  6 PagesMAGAMARRA CASE: ESSAY PLAN Although Magamarra is acknowledged as a protected sacred site of Australia, the effectiveness of its legal protection may say otherwise. Discuss the issues being faced by the site and the impact it may have on the sustainable environment of Magamarra. Introduction For Indigenous people of Australia, these sacred sites play an important role for their beliefs, practices, how they were made and how the world was born. Located on the pristine clear waters of the Blyth RiverRead MoreHuman Rights And The Rights1857 Words   |  8 Pagesrights under domestic law. Many human rights in Australia have been made into legislation under Australian Parliamentary Democracy and are protected by institutions such as the Australian Human Rights Commision as well as the Constitution. In December 1972, Australia consented to be bound to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), furthermore, Australia is bound to many other human rights instrumentsRead MoreAUSTRALIAN ASSIMILATION AND THE IMPACT ON ABORIGINAL HEALTH: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS3055 Words   |  13 PagesASSIMILATION AND THE IMPACT ON ABORIGINAL HEALTH: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Australia and its Indigenous Society: Australia is one of the world’s most culturally diverse societies and it is commonly assumed that the country offers free and fair opportunities to all its inhabitants. However, on close observation it is clearly evident that the country’s indigenous population is at a social and economic disadvantage when compared to their non-indigenous counterparts and as a consequence the present aboriginal healthRead MoreAustralian Health Care with Comparision to the U.S2760 Words   |  12 Pagesbetween the U.S. and Australia Professor Madelin Meyer 12/9/2011 Dennis M. Depugh | Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..3 What is a health care system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Affordable Health Care Act†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Availability of Health Services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦4 Life Expectancy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Health care system in Australia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Issues related to health care access in Australia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Read MoreRace Theories And Its Consequences2547 Words   |  11 Pagesguide was European (Brace, 2005). Understanding of the evolution of race theories and its consequences are crucial to analyse how contemporary Indigenous Peoples are challenging the applications of such racial concepts. Whilst political and legal forums are used attack such issues, such as by notable activists Eddie Mabo and Charles Perkins, the work of Indigenous peoples in the arts to challenge societies perceptions is nonetheless powerful. The use of visual arts is an insightful tool to educate a wideRead MoreSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 Pageslife of Indigenous Australians, a historical and cultural background is essential. This chapter sets the context for further discussions about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and issues related to their social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. The history of colonisation is addressed, the subsequent devastation of Indigenous Australians, and their resilience and struggle to claim equality and cultural recognition, and to shape the present. Indigenous Australia is made upRead MoreThe Northern Territory Intervention And The Closing The Gap Initiative2295 Words   |  10 Pageshealth of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. These two initiatives are strikingly different in the way they were conceived and implemented. The Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER) was made and delivered in haste without any consultation with Indigenous Australians and some Indigenous leaders in the Northern Territory communities seeing it as an attack on Indigenous Australians (Maddison, S, 2009). The NTER showed a top down mentality that caused a greater divide for Indigenous AustraliansRead MoreThe Side Measure Writing And Literacy, And Is Not Part Of Your Official Assessment2311 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican children. What is Racism: Discrimination or intolerance to someone/ a group of people of another race in belief that one’s own race is superior. This discrimination can come in the forms of verbal abuse, physical abuse, bullying or denying them of employment (Cohen, 2011). Example 1 - denying someone employment due to their nationality or skin colour. Example 2 – Being black and verbally putting down a white person due to their skin colour. Example 3 – Physically abusing a darker skinned

Essay about ‘Twist’ed Outcomes - 1359 Words

Oliver Twist, a novel written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian Era, chronicles the life of a small young boy. Oliver, an orphan grows up in a workhouse in severe and harsh conditions. Placed under the subjugation of the upper class, Oliver is taken for granted to be corrupt and immoral because he is unlearned and poor. However, this stereotype is soon faulted when Oliver turns out to be an innocent and sympathetic boy whose fate is inadvertently tragic. Even with such disadvantages, it is Oliver’s looks of innocence and lack of evil inside him that enables him to rise out from poverty. His innocence is the tool that allows Oliver to escape life at the bottom of society. It is also the trait that brings many people to pity him and†¦show more content†¦Little Oliver Twist lay on his back on the pavement with his shirt unbuttoned and his temples bathed with water, his face a deadly white, and a cold tremble convulsing his whole frame. ‘Poor boy, poor boy!â⠂¬â„¢ said Mr. Brownlow, bending over him. ‘Call a coach, somebody, pray. Directly! ’ A coach was obtained, and Oliver, having been carefully laid on one seat, the old gentleman got in and sat himself on the other.† (107). When Mr. Brownlow first sees Oliver, he pities Oliver because he is a wretched child manipulated by the crime world. Unlike a criminal, Oliver has the look of innocence that forces others to pay sympathy toward him and treat him with gentleness and kindness. It is with this example that shows that Dickens is protesting that not everyone who is poor and helpless deserve what they receive. Instead he is saying that everyone should be allowed a second chance to redeem themselves. In this case, Oliver’s appearance has allowed him to be taken care by Brownlow himself. Instead of being left to die on the streets of London, Oliver is taken to the estate of a very wealthy man to be nursed back to health. With this occurrence, Dickens has shown foresight of Oliver beginning his journey to trace his family lineage and claim his family’s name and therefore rise up in society. After Oliver is nurtured back to health by Mr. Brownlow, he is sent to return books back to the library. When he accidentally makes a wrong turn, he encounters Bill and Nancy and they

Supplier Relationship Management free essay sample

The key objective for organizations in todays cutthroat environment and competitive era is to drive sales and increase margins. To achieve its goals by increasing sales thereby doing an increment in their margins, companies have paid a great deal of attention to the customer side of their businesses thus leading to the evolution of customer relationship management (CRM) that increases companies abilities to understand the customer’s needs and use the customer information wisely to build relationships with their customers. To increase margins, many companies are applying this same emphasis on relationships to the supplier side. This has led to a new solutions area known as supplier relationship management (SRM). In each of these cases, â€Å"companies have placed not only a focus on automation and other technical improvements, but on emphasizing the relationships. † (Romala. Menzigian, 2003) What is SRM? SRM is a fresh way of extending SRM tools and techniques to the supplier side resulting in mutual profitability for both the manufacturer and the suppliers. It is a new management approach which is all about collaborating with suppliers in an ‘integral’ way, sharing information with them to achieve speed and transparency in operations. This takes SRM to a different level in terms of depth of relationships between the manufacturer and the supplier. Standardization of techniques across suppliers and different manufacturers locations is critical to the success of SRM. SRM trends include e-procurement, data integration and transparency, and information sharing using a common platform. (solutions. epicor. com) In SRM, conceptually, the things to be improved and the framework against which the improvements are to be measured are collaboratively defined by the buyer and the supplier. Such an effort is hinged on a firm commitment from both sides. Commitments may include resources such as capital and time. Such collaborative efforts can lead to Immediate and well long-term gains. Short term gains may include improvement in lead times while long term gains may include better quality materials at lesser costs. Long-term gains may also include collaborative planning forecasting and replenishment. SRM is definitely an answer for buyers and suppliers looking for sustainable performance improvement but caution must be exercised while integrating new vendors into the SRM framework. This is because suppliers may be at different stages of there individual learning curves. (Phythian Allen, Logistics Europe March 2002, p 20-22. ) Increasingly, companies have began to treat their suppliers like they treat their customers As such SRM is an extension of the SRM tools and techniques towards the supplier side. (elix-virtual. tripod. com) In an effort to run ‘lean’ and more profitable companies, manufactures are looking towards their vendors in the supply chain to drive much needed growth and profitability. SRM as such, works as a strategic tool to create ‘win-win’ situations that are beneficial to both the suppliers and manufacturers. Stages of SRM implementation I. E- Procurement: Being the first stage of SRM implementation, the emphasis is to enhance day to day manufacturer –supplier relationships like procuring supplies electronically using a common SRM platform. Its advantages include proactive ordering, electronic procurement, reduction in inventory and lead times. With e-procurement manufacturers are free to canalize their resources towards more strategic issues in the buyer manufacturer relations. II. Collaborative supply chain management: In this stage the buyer and the suppliers work together to solve common problems. This is presided by some level of mutual information sharing. SRM provides a common platform for this exchange of information to take place. The benefits of these collaborative efforts include ‘just in time’ supplies of materials, less inventory, zero stock outs, reduced overheads, etc. III. Strategic supply management: In this stage, management’s team of both the manufacturer and supplier synchronize their resources towards realization of mutually profitable goals. They enter in to a long fruitful relationship which is a by product of increased transparency and aids faster decisions relating to strategic choices like choice of supplier, creating evaluation procedures, etc. (supplyworks. com) The Benefits Offered by SRM The complete implementation of SRM results in several short term and long term benefits like e-procurement, uniform procurement systems across locations reduction in cost, etc. supplyworks. com) Companies using Supplier Relationship Management Kingfisher Asia Ltd is a direct sourcing of global of Kingfisher plc group. The problem faced by Kingfisher Asia Ltd and their main concern was the reliability of suppliers as far as their ability and accountability to maintain service level agreements. Kingfisher Asia Ltd was looking for tools to help them negotiate with suppliers to get products of the right quality at the right price. (Sutcliffe, CEO, Kingfisher, Asia) Kingfisher Asia Ltd implemented SRM in 2002. SRM helped gather information regarding suppliers and this helped kingfisher negotiate better prices for the right quality materials at the right place and time. (SAS-COM magazine) Bayer Cropscience is the worlds second largest company in its field. For sustainable growth Bayer needed a steady flow of supplies while at the same time reducing cost and supplier risk. SRM tools allowed it to maximize profits through supplier relationships. It uses ‘Supply Chain Intelligence to collect, analyze and leverage’ supplier data. It helps Bayer by reducing wasteful spend on supplies. Bayer) Schneider Electric is the largest manufacturer of electrical distribution systems and components worldwide. The issue faced by Schneider electric was ways to drive cost saving through better change management. Schneider am to match its needs with the right supplier offers. Schneider usually purchase raw materials, means of production, metallic/ plastic components and non-production components. S chneider helped Schneider initiate a ‘supplier monitoring system- a multi lingual, multi currency and web-enabled global action plan for purchasing’. This was because Schneider wanted to make global purchases focusing on company needs getting the best prices, using spatial leverage. This helped Schneider gain a comprehensive worldwide view of purchasing. (Schneider) Comparison of Companies using Supply Relationship Management. Kingfisher Asia, Bayer Cropscience and Schneider electric all used SRM tools to facilate purchasing via reliable supplier relationships. But the difference in approach lay in their objectives in adopting SRM. Kingfisher Asia adopted SRM techniques to get right quantity of orders from the suppliers at the right time. SRM helped Kingfisher Asia not only achieve this but to leverage this supplier knowledge to drive better prices. Bayer Cropscience adopted SRM to gain a steady flow of supplies. It also aimed to reduce cost by reducing supplier risk. SRM techniques helped Bayer achieve this. Schneider electric adopted SRM to build and use a global database regarding suppliers of production/non production components. It developed a ‘multi lingual, multi currency and web-enabled global action plan for purchasing’. It used the spatial leverage thus gained to drive best prices of components. Details about SAP’s SRM Solution Developing Supply Strategy: Depending on the past procurements patterns and current market trends to project future spending’s appropriately it further more develops the way expenses are incurred at all different locations by supervising all suppliers based on their performance to give a comprehensive view for strategic sourcing. It also helps in the supply shortage risk as increasing the supplier visibility it helps you make better supplier qualification decisions at the right time. Services such as discussion forums, project calendars, task managers and team management tools helps to manage collaborative sourcing projects. Operational Sourcing: In emergencies, operational sourcing can help procurement professional find the alternative suppliers through predefined selection processes. It also keeps a close check on monitoring your supplier relationships and suppliers performance including their financial status, external rankings, sourcing contracts and more. Self Service Procurement: It relieves your purchasing department of administrative tasks by empowering employees to create and manage their own requisitions in synch of the company rules. Plan Driven Procurement: As materials used in core business process are usually procured through enterprise systems, a slight change in plan can disrupt production schedules, transport logistics, just in time inventory etc. To solve this problem, mySAP SRM integrates supply chain with e-procurement. Supplier Self Services: The purchasing company can extend mySAP SRM’s supplier self services to their suppliers to share common information and product data. It saves redundancy of data and duplication of work from the buyer’s perspective. Companies can connect suppliers who are using XML based document exchange. Suppliers also benefit through the visibility of buyers requirement and direct channel for communication. Content Management: It provides tools and techniques to manage the flow of content between multiple trading partners. You can directly import suppliers product catalogues, standard product hierarchies or schemas from anywhere in the application as it supports multiple data formats. (sap. com) Examples of companies who have implemented SRM Implementation Issues Having realized the importance and significance of Supplier Relationship Management in today’s competitive global atmosphere companies have incorporated this approach in their business. Many software vendors are available in market that provides softwares and technologies to support this mechanism. eg. SAP, Accenture, Deloitte, i2, Peoplesoft, J. D. Edwards, Manugistic, Agile, HP Consulting, CSC, etc. (sap. com) Companies that implemented Sap’s SRM solution AGL, AOK, Deutsche Bank, Royal Dutch / Shell Group, Clariant, Huntsman, Kosa, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. , Lockheed Martin, Novo Nordisk, Seattle Public Schools, Steelcase, Stinnes AG. (sap. com) Example of a company who implemented this component and issues associated with this implementation. Mercedes-Benz Espana In the year June 2000 Mercedes-Benz Espana the Spanish automaker having more than 4000 employees both in Vitoria and Barcelona begin a project to apply e-procurement for buying of their non-production goods and services as their was a great prospective in deduction of costs by looking at the orders placed at the companies plant. The project study revealed that SRM, bulk ordering and blanket agreements were insufficiently handled and broken. Due to this slow process by the management it was a lengthy process for each purchase. Three main objectives were to optimize purchasing strategies, streamline the entire procurement and accounting and implementing an e-procurement solution. As Mercedes-Benz Espana Vitoria plant operated on SAP solution, it decided to opt for mySAP E-Procurement. It had the flexibility needed for support of their procurement processes. In April 2001 the software Enterprise Buyer Professional Edition release 1. 0 was upgraded to release 2. . By loading an e-catalog of one of its suppliers it made DaimlerChrysler the first Original Equipment Manufacturer in Europe to work with Covisint. Considerable changes were being noticed. Norbert Litzkow, General Director for Finance, Controlling, Procurement and IT, â€Å"far fewer people are now authorized to place orders . a mere 50 compared to 350 under the previous system. New workflows have streamlined the procurement process, which in most cases comprises just one or two steps. † The supplier gets proactive ordering, electronic procurement, and reduction in inventory so to deliver materials at the right place and time. The new approval work is consent for purchasing worth US$530 or more. With mySAP E-Procurement, Mercedes-Benz Espanas Vitoria has reduced their workforce dramatically. Above all the total number of supplier relationships the plant maintains is predicted to fall from 1,500 to around 200, which in turn make relationships and a better quality promise. E-Procurement will help Mercedes-Benz Espana make savings about 1. 5 to 3 million annually.